inal, were the following:
  1. Deviation in head size and shape from the type common to the race and region from which the criminal came.
  2. Asymmetry of the face.
  3. Excessive dimensions of the jaw and cheekbones.
  4. Eye defects and peculiarities.
  5. Ears of unusual size, or occasionally very small, or standing out from the head as do those of the chimpanzee.
  6. Nose twisted, upturned, or flattened in thieves, or aquiline or beaklike in murderers, or with a tip rising like a peak from swollen nostrils.
  7. Lips fleshy, swollen, and protruding.
  8. Pouches in the cheek like those of some animals.
  9. Abnormal dentition.
  10. Chin receding, or excessively long, or short and flat.
  11. Excessive length of arms.
  12. Imbalance of the hemispheres of the brain.
   Lombroso’s theory was disproved early in the 20th century by the British criminologist Charles Goring. Goring’s comparative study of jailed criminals and law-abiding persons established that so-called criminal types do not exist.
   Nevertheless physical appearance description is of vital importance, if not for criminologists, then for investigators to identify a possible offender by means of photography identi-kit, artist’s sketch, or portrait parle.
   The portrait parle is a verbal picture or description of human body. It was devised in 1882 by Alphonse Bertillon, a young clerk in the Paris police, and it is still used as the oldest means of making a physical description. Twenty points of personal physical description are used:

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